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The EAR is the DRI that should be used to assess nutrient intake of an individual or of a group. The DRIs are nutrient-based reference values for the US and Canadian populations in addition to the EAR, the DRIs include the Adequate Intake ( AI), which is used to estimate prevalence of inadequacy in a population when a requirement has not been set the Recommended Dietary Allowance ( RDA see HIGHLIGHT) and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level ( UL see HIGHLIGHT). Like the other Dietary Reference Intakes ( DRIs), the EARs are determined by expert panels appointed by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine).

To assess nutrient intake and derive an estimate of the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy in the US population, the mean intake of an age- or gender-specific group is compared to the corresponding Estimated Average Requirement ( EAR) for a particular nutrient. NHANES also assesses dietary supplement use in the US population, so total nutrient intake from dietary and supplemental sources can be determined.

FNDDS and WWEIA datasets are released every two years. Intake of 65 nutrients and food components is derived from dietary assessment information using the USDA's Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS). Details on the information collected during the interviews can be found on the USDA website. Nutrition data are collected during both in-depth household interviews and medical examinations food intake is assessed by completing two 24-hour dietary recalls, the first being conducted at a mobile examination center and the second being a telephone interview 3 to 10 days later (8). “What We Eat in America” (WWEIA), the dietary assessment component of NHANES, is a joint effort of the US Department of Health and Human Services and the US Department of Agriculture. Although more difficult and costly to do in entire populations, nutritional biomarkers - biochemical indicators that give more objective and reliable measures of dietary exposure and nutrient body status - are sometimes also employed (6, 7). Nutritional assessments in populations are typically done by measuring nutrient intake through dietary surveys and comparing mean intake with the age- and gender-specific nutrient requirements. In fact, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) that assess the nutritional and health status of a nationally representative sample of the civilian, non-institutionalized US population have reported a high prevalence of select micronutrient inadequacies in the US population (see Tables 1-3). An estimated 13% of the US population have added sugar intakes above this cutoff level for added sugars (5) and may be at risk for micronutrient inadequacies. One analysis of US national survey data (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2006) found that children and adults with high intakes of added sugars (>25% of energy intake the upper limit recommended by the National Academy of Medicine) had lower dietary intakes of several micronutrients, especially vitamins A, C, and E, as well as magnesium (5). Many Americans are exceeding energy (caloric) needs but not meeting micronutrient ( vitamin and nutritionally essential mineral) requirements. Decades of public health messages to eat a balanced diet have not resulted in behavior change - energy-rich, nutrient-poor foods comprise an estimated 27% of daily caloric intake in the American diet, and alcohol constitutes an additional 4% of daily caloric intake (4). Approximately one-half of American adults have at least one preventable chronic disease (1), and additionally, obesity is a major public health problem in the US, with more than one-third of adults (2) and 17% of children and adolescents (3) classified as obese. Together with physical inactivity, eating an energy-rich, nutrient-poor diet predisposes one to many chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and osteoporosis. Overall adherence to the US Dietary Guidelines is low: the majority of Americans do not follow a healthy eating pattern. The information in this article is also presented as an online course: ' Meeting Micronutrient Needs.'

Micronutrient Deficiencies and Inadequacies.

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Healthcare Professional Continuing Education.

Chlorophyll and Metallo-Chlorophyll Derivatives.

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